American Leadership in AI Act

[Congressional Bills 119th Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] [H.R. 8516 Introduced in House (IH)]

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119th CONGRESS 2d Session H. R. 8516

To make certain improvements relating to artificial intelligence, and for other purposes.

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IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

April 27, 2026

Mr. Lieu (for himself and Mr. Obernolte) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the Committees on Energy and Commerce, Agriculture, Oversight and Government Reform, Education and Workforce, the Judiciary, and Ways and Means, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned

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A BILL

To make certain improvements relating to artificial intelligence, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``American Leadership in AI Act''. (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. TITLE I--STRENGTHENING STANDARDS, TESTING, AND EVALUATIONS

Subtitle A--Center for AI Standards and Innovation

Sec. 101. Center for AI Standards and Innovation. Subtitle B--Support for Artificial Intelligence and Other Critical and Emerging Technologies by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Sec. 111. Definitions. Sec. 112. United States participation in organizations developing standards and specifications for artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies. Sec. 113. Pilot program to support standards meetings for artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies in the United States. Subtitle C--Research on Development Best Practices by the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Sec. 121. Research on development best practices by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. TITLE II--BUILD RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE AND SPUR GROUNDBREAKING RESEARCH

Subtitle A--National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource

Sec. 201. National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource. Subtitle B--National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource Pilot Program

Sec. 211. National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource pilot program. Subtitle C--Prize Competitions for Artificial Intelligence Research and Development

Sec. 221. Prize competitions for artificial intelligence research and development. Subtitle D--Grants to Perform Research Regarding the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Health Care

Sec. 231. Grants to perform research regarding the use of generative artificial intelligence in health care. Subtitle E--Department of Agriculture and National Science Foundation Research and Development Coordination

Sec. 241. Department of Agriculture and National Science Foundation research and development coordination. Subtitle F--Department of Energy Artificial Intelligence Research Program

Sec. 251. Department of Energy artificial intelligence research program. TITLE III--MODERNIZING FEDERAL AI GOVERNANCE, PROCUREMENT, AND SECURITY

Subtitle A--Federal Standards for Artificial Intelligence

Sec. 301. Federal standards for artificial intelligence. Subtitle B--AI Leadership to Enable Accountable Deployment

Sec. 311. Definitions. Sec. 312. Chief Artificial Intelligence Officers Council. Sec. 313. Agency artificial intelligence officers. Sec. 314. Agency coordination on artificial intelligence. Sec. 315. GAO reports. Sec. 316. Post-enactment guidance from the Director. Sec. 317. Sunset. Subtitle C--AI Incident Reporting and Security Enhancement

Sec. 321. Activities to support voluntary vulnerability and incident tracking associated with artificial intelligence. TITLE IV--PROTECTING WORKERS AND EMPOWERING SMALL BUSINESSES

Subtitle A--AI Workforce Research Hub

Sec. 401. AI Workforce Research Hub. Subtitle B--Small Business Artificial Intelligence Advancement

Sec. 411. Resources for small businesses to utilize artificial intelligence. TITLE V--SAFEGUARDING AMERICANS AND DETERRING HARMFUL DEEPFAKES

Subtitle A--Disrupting Explicit Forged Images and Non-Consensual Edits

Sec. 501. Civil action relating to disclosure of intimate images. Sec. 502. Severability; rule of construction. Subtitle B--AI Fraud Deterrence

Sec. 511. Financial crimes and artificial intelligence. Sec. 512. AI impersonation of Federal officials. Subtitle C--AI Whistleblower Protection

Sec. 521. Definitions. Sec. 522. Anti-retaliation protection for AI whistleblowers. TITLE VI--EXPANDING EDUCATION, LITERACY, AND INCLUSION

Subtitle A--Codifying AI Literacy Efforts of the AI Task Force

Sec. 601. AI literacy efforts of the AI Task Force. Subtitle B--New Collar Jobs Tax Credit

Sec. 611. Employee cybersecurity education. Sec. 612. Cybersecurity training incentive for Government contracts. Subtitle C--Literacy in Future Technologies Artificial Intelligence

Sec. 621. Preparing K-12 educators and students for an AI literate future. Subtitle D--Expanding AI Voices Through Capacity Building

Sec. 631. Expanding capacity in artificial intelligence science. Subtitle E--NSF AI Education

Sec. 641. Scholarships and fellowships in artificial intelligence. Sec. 642. Community college and area career and technical educational school centers of AI excellence. Sec. 643. Awards for research on artificial intelligence in education. Sec. 644. National STEM Teacher Corps.

TITLE I--STRENGTHENING STANDARDS, TESTING, AND EVALUATIONS

Subtitle A--Center for AI Standards and Innovation

SEC. 101. CENTER FOR AI STANDARDS AND INNOVATION.

(a) Definitions.--Section 5002 of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9401; as enacted as part of division E of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021; Public Law 116-283) is amended-- (1) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), and (11) as paragraphs (6), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), and (14), respectively; (2) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following new paragraphs: ``(4) Artificial intelligence red teaming.--The term `artificial intelligence red teaming' means a structured testing in a controlled environment simulating real-world conditions, using adversarial methods to find flaws and vulnerabilities in an artificial intelligence system and identify risks, flaws, and vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence systems, such as harmful outputs from such system, unforeseen or undesirable system behaviors, limitations, and potential risks associated with the misuse of such system. ``(5) Artificial intelligence system.--The term `artificial intelligence system'-- ``(A) means any data system, software, application, tool, or utility that operates in whole or in part using dynamic or static machine learning algorithms or other forms of artificial intelligence, whether-- ``(i) the data system, software, application, tool, or utility is established primarily for the purpose of researching, developing, or implementing artificial intelligence technology; or ``(ii) artificial intelligence capability is integrated into another system or agency business process, operational activity, or technology system; and ``(B) does not include any common commercial product within which artificial intelligence is embedded, such as a word processor or map navigation system.''; and (3) by inserting after paragraph (6), as so redesignated, the following new paragraph: ``(7) Federal laboratory.--The term `Federal laboratory' has the meaning given such term in section 4 of the Stevenson- Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703).''. (b) Establishment.--Title LIII of division E of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Public Law 116-283; 134 Stat. 4523) is amended by adding at the end the following new section:

``SEC. 5304. CENTER FOR AI STANDARDS AND INNOVATION.

``(a) Establishment.-- ``(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (in this section referred to as the `Director') shall establish a center on artificial intelligence, to be known as the `Center for AI Standards and Innovation' (in this section referred to as the `Center'), to ensure continued United States leadership in research, development, and evaluation of the reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety of artificial intelligence systems. ``(2) Purposes.--The purposes of the Center are as follows: ``(A) To advance the measurement science for artificial intelligence reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety. ``(B) To support the National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratories as such laboratories carry out artificial intelligence activities related to robustness, resilience, and safety in accordance with section 22A of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278h-1). ``(C) To collaborate with the private sector, standards development organizations, civil society, and Federal agencies in supporting the development of voluntary best practices and technical standards for evaluating the reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety-related challenges and remediations of artificial intelligence systems. ``(D) To increase the understanding of State, local, and Tribal governments, institutions of higher education, private sector entities, and the public of the reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety-related challenges and remediations of artificial intelligence. ``(3) Director.--The Director or appropriate designee shall serve as the Director of the Center. ``(4) Consultation and coordination.--In establishing the Center, the Director shall-- ``(A) coordinate with-- ``(i) the Director of the National Science Foundation; ``(ii) the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy; ``(iii) the Secretary of Energy; ``(iv) the Secretary of Defense; and ``(v) the Secretary of Homeland Security; and ``(B) consult with the heads of such other Federal agencies as the Director considers appropriate. ``(5) Activities.--The activities of the Center may include the following: ``(A) Conducting evaluations and benchmarking of the capabilities and limitations of artificial intelligence over time. ``(B) Conducting measurement research to inform the development of recommended best practices, benchmarks, methodologies, procedures, voluntary consensus-based technical standards, and other resources for the evaluation and assurance of reliable, robust, resilient, secure, and safe artificial intelligence systems and reduce the risk of the misuse of such systems, including relating to the following: ``(i) Common definitions and characterizations for aspects of artificial intelligence reliability, robustness, resiliency, security, and safety, and the measurement of such that are applicable across many sectors and use cases. ``(ii) The reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety of artificial intelligence systems and use cases, including the ability for such systems to withstand unexpected inputs and adversarial attacks. ``(iii) Testing, evaluation, validation, and verification methods for risk management, including measurement of and assurance for accuracy, transparency, reliability, security, verifiability, and safety throughout the lifecycle of artificial intelligence systems, including through artificial intelligence red teaming. ``(iv) Reference use cases for artificial intelligence systems and criteria for assessing safety risk in each such use case. ``(C) Providing to relevant Federal agencies and National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratories, as appropriate, input and support for artificial intelligence risk management regarding reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety-related topics. ``(D) Engaging with, or supporting the engagement of the United States Government with, international standards organizations, multilateral organizations, and organizations and topically relevant bodies among allies and partners to support international collaboration with respect to activities described in this paragraph. ``(E) As appropriate, and in coordination with ongoing National Institute of Standards and Technology activities, coordinating Federal research, development, demonstration, and standards engagement related to artificial intelligence reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety. ``(6) Requirements.--In carrying out the activities described in paragraph (5), the Director shall carry out the following: ``(A) Support research that assesses and mitigates reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety risks of artificial intelligence systems across several timescales, including demonstrable safety risks that arise from the use and misuse of such systems. ``(B) Assess scenarios in which such systems could be deployed to create risks for economic or national security. ``(C) Leverage computing resources, access to open datasets, open source software, and other resources from industry, the government, nonprofit organizations (as such term is defined in section 201 of title 35, United States Code), Federal laboratories, and institutions of higher education to advance the mission of the Center, as appropriate. ``(D) Leverage existing Federal investments to advance the mission of the Center. ``(E) Avoid unnecessary duplication with National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratory activities authorized under section 22A of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278h-1). ``(7) Report.--For each fiscal year beginning with fiscal year 2027, not later than 90 days after the President submits a budget for such fiscal year pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, the Director shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report that includes the following: ``(A) A summarized budget in support of the Center for such fiscal year. ``(B) A description of the goals, priorities, and metrics for guiding and evaluating the activities of the Center. ``(b) Establishment of Consortium.-- ``(1) In general.--The Director shall establish a consortium (in this section referred to as the `Consortium') of stakeholders from academic or research communities, Federal laboratories, private industry, and civil society in matters relating to artificial intelligence reliability, robustness, resilience, security, and safety to support the following: ``(A) The Center, in carrying out the activities specified in subsection (a)(5). ``(B) The National Institute of Standards and Technology in carrying out section 22A of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278h-1). ``(2) Goals.--In addition to supporting the Center in carrying out activities under subsection (a)(5), the goals of the Consortium are the following: ``(A) To evaluate the needs of stakeholders, including industry and civil society. ``(B) Identify where gaps remain in the activities of the Center, including relating to measurement research and support for standards development, and provide recommendations to the Center on how to address such gaps. ``(3) Report.--Not later than two years after the date of the enactment of this section, the Director shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report summarizing the contributions of the members of the Consortium in support the efforts of the Center. ``(c) Scientific Integrity.--The Director shall ensure the Center, Consortium, and staff adhere to policies and procedures established pursuant to section 1009 of the America COMPETES Act (42 U.S.C. 6620), including by providing mechanisms for an employee or associate of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a member of the Consortium, a private sector entity, researcher, or student affiliated with the Center or Consortium, an employee of an agency working with the Center, or a member of the public to report violations of such policies by confidential and anonymous means. ``(d) Security.--This section shall be carried out in accordance with the provision of subtitle D of title VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.; enacted as part of division B of Public Law 117-167) and section 223 of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (42 U.S.C. 6605). ``(e) Limitation.--Information shared by an entity with, or provided to, the Director for the purpose of the activities described in this section may not be used by any Federal, State, local, or Tribal department or agency to regulate the activity of such entity. ``(f) Prohibitions.--Nothing in this section may be construed to-- ``(1) provide the Director any enforcement authority that was not in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this section; ``(2) confer any regulatory authority to any Federal, State, Tribal, or local department or agency; ``(3) require any private sector entity to share data, including proprietary information, with the Director, the Center, or the Consortium; or ``(4) modify any regulatory requirement to report or submit information to a Federal, State, Tribal or local department or agency. ``(g) Sunset.--This section shall terminate on the date that is six years after the date of the enactment of this section. ``(h) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is to be authorized to be appropriated to the Director $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2027 to carry out this section.''. (c) Hiring Critical Technical Experts Update.--Subsection (c) of section 6 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 275) is amended by striking ``section (b) shall expire on the date that is 5 years'' and inserting ``subsection (b) shall expire on the date that is 7 years''. (d) Clerical Amendments.--The tables of contents in section 2(b) and title LIII of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 are amended by inserting after the items relating to section 5303 the following new items:

``Sec. 5304. Center for AI Standards and Innovation.''.

Subtitle B--Support for Artificial Intelligence and Other Critical and Emerging Technologies by the National Institute of Standards and Technology

SEC. 111. DEFINITIONS.

In this subtitle: (1) Covered artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies.--The term ``covered artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies'' means a subset of artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies included in the list of such technologies identified and maintained by the National Science and Technology Council of the Office of Science and Technology Policy as the Director considers appropriate for purposes of this subtitle. (2) Director.--The term ``Director'' means the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

SEC. 112. UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION IN ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPING STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OTHER CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES.

(a) Briefing Required.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall provide to Congress a briefing to assist in the evaluation and identification of opportunities for Federal Government support for industry-led efforts in the development of technical standards for artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies. (2) Interagency consultation.--In preparing the briefing required by paragraph (1), the Director shall consult with the heads of such Federal agencies as the Director considers relevant. (3) Elements.--The briefing provided pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) An overview of standards activities relating to artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies and information about the following: (i) Key technical standards that are the subject of ongoing activity. (ii) Key standards bodies hosting these activities. (iii) Any Federal agency that is participating in these activities. (B) An analysis identifying where participation by United States industry and Federal agencies in standards activities in artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies would be facilitated or enhanced by conducting standards meetings hosted in the United States. (C) Recommendations for effectively informing United States industry and Federal agencies on ongoing standardization activities with the objective of increasing participation of such industry and agencies in such activities. (4) Federal agency notice requirement.-- (A) In general.--Using the mechanism established pursuant to subparagraph (B), each head of a Federal agency shall transmit to the Director notice of the participation of their respective Federal agency in a standards activity relating to artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies. (B) Mechanism.--The Director shall, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, develop a mechanism for reporting participation by Federal agencies in standards activities. (b) Web Portal.-- (1) In general.--In order to inform United States industry and Federal agencies about existing and ongoing international efforts to develop technical standards for artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies and opportunities for participation in such efforts, the Director shall establish an accessible web portal to help such industry and agencies navigate and participate in such efforts. (2) Contents.--The web portal established pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include regularly updated lists of the following: (A) International efforts described in paragraph (1) and information on opportunities for participation in such efforts. (B) Information on accessing standards, both in development and published, for artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies. (3) Administration.--The Director may inter into such cooperative agreements with such nongovernmental organizations as the Director considers appropriate to establish the web portal required by paragraph (1).

SEC. 113. PILOT PROGRAM TO SUPPORT STANDARDS MEETINGS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OTHER CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE UNITED STATES.

(a) Pilot Program Required.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and subject to the availability of appropriated funds, the Director shall, in coordination with the heads of such other Federal agencies as the Director considers appropriate, establish a pilot program on supporting standards meetings for artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies in the United States by awarding grants to eligible entities described in subsection (b) hosting meetings of organizations described in paragraph (1) of such subsection to support the hosting of such meetings in the United States. (2) Administration.--The Director may carry out the pilot program required by paragraph (1) by entering into such cooperative agreements with such nongovernmental organizations as the Director considers appropriate to establish and administer the pilot program. (b) Eligible Entities.--For purposes of the pilot program required by subsection (a), an eligible entity is-- (1) an organization that is developing standards and specifications for artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies for at least 1 technical standard that affects the interests of 1 or more Federal agencies; or (2) an entity that hosts an organization described in paragraph (1). (c) Grants.-- (1) In general.--In carrying out the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Director shall award grants to eligible entities to host meetings as described in such subsection. (2) Use of funds.--An eligible entity receiving a grant under this subsection to host a meeting in the United States may use the amount of the grant for such costs as the Director considers reasonable for hosting the meeting in the United States, but not more than fifty percent of anticipated cost of hosting the meeting and not more than a maximum amount that the Director shall establish for purposes of this subsection. Such costs may include the following: (A) Costs related to the preparation and planning of meetings described in subsection (a). (B) Meeting venue-related expenses. (C) Such other costs that may support the eligible entity in conducting a standards meeting in the United States. (3) Considerations.--In deciding whether to award a grant under this subsection to an eligible entity to host a meeting, the Director may consider the extent to which the eligible entity-- (A) is or hosts an organization that administers technical standards activity in artificial intelligence and other critical and emerging technologies that involves United States-based participants, including but not limited to participants from Federal agencies of the United States; (B) has a demonstrable history of participating in or hosting successful meetings; and (C) has a stable or growing participant base. (d) Guidance.-- (1) In general.--The Director shall develop and periodically update guidance for the pilot program carried out under this section. (2) Elements.--The guidance developed and updated pursuant to paragraph (1) shall cover the following: (A) Eligibility for grants awarded under the pilot program. (B) How grants are awarded under subsection (c). (C) The duration and amounts of grants awarded under subsection (c). (D) The merit review process for the pilot program. (E) Priority areas for technical standards activity. (F) Means for recipients of grants under the pilot program to report expenses relating to other costs described in subsection (c)(2)(C). (G) Such additional matters as the Director determines appropriate for purposes of the pilot program. (e) Briefings for Congress.-- (1) In general.--During the third year of the pilot program carried out under this section and in each subsequent year of the pilot program, the Director shall provide Congress with a briefing on the pilot program. (2) Elements.--Each briefing provided pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) An assessment of the effectiveness of the pilot program with respect to improving the hosting of standards meetings in the United States. (B) Identification of the recipients of grants under the pilot program. (C) The geographic distribution of attendees at meetings supported with grants under the pilot program. (D) A summary of the expenses for which the amounts of grants awarded under the pilot program were used. (f) Recommendations for Permanent Implementation.--If, before the date that is 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director determines that providing support as described in subsection (a) is feasible and advisable, the Director shall, not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act-- (1) develop recommendations for such legislative or administrative action as the Director considers appropriate to establish a permanent implementation of the pilot program; and (2) submit to Congress the recommendations developed pursuant to paragraph (1). (g) Termination.--The pilot program required by subsection (a)(1) shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. (h) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $5,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2027 through 2031.

Subtitle C--Research on Development Best Practices by the National Institute of Standards and Technology

SEC. 121. RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT BEST PRACTICES BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY.

Section 22A of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278h-1) is amended-- (1) by redesignating subsection (h) as subsection (i); and (2) by inserting after subsection (g) the following new subsection: ``(h) Assessment of the Practices of Artificial Intelligence Development.-- ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (in this subsection referred to as the `Director') shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, develop, and periodically update, in collaboration with other public and private sector organizations, voluntary guidance for practices and guidelines relating to the development, release, and assessment of artificial intelligence systems. Such guidelines shall satisfy the following: ``(A) Define methods and guidelines for developing reasonable risk tolerances for various use cases of artificial intelligence systems based on the following: ``(i) The risks associated with the intended and unintended applications, use cases, and outcomes of the artificial intelligence system at issue, based on the guidelines specified in the voluntary risk management framework for trustworthy artificial intelligence systems, or successor framework, authorized under subsection (c), which may include different categories of risk, such as the following: ``(I) Security risks, including threats to national security. ``(II) Economic risks, including threats to economic opportunities. ``(III) Social risks, including infringement upon constitutional rights, privileges, or liberties. ``(ii) Such other factors as the Director determines appropriate and consistent with this subsection. ``(B) Categorize and list practices and norms for communicating relevant characteristics, including robustness, resilience, security, safety, fairness, privacy, validation, reliability, accountability, and usability, of artificial intelligence systems, and including any characteristics identified by the voluntary risk management framework for trustworthy artificial intelligence systems, or successor framework, authorized under subsection (c). Such practices and norms may relate to the following: ``(i) Documentation of training and evaluation datasets, such as information and statistics about a dataset's size, curation, annotation, and sources, and the protocols for a dataset's selection, creators, provenance, processing, augmentation, filters, inclusion of personally identifiable information, and intellectual property usage. ``(ii) Documentation of model information, such as a model's development stages, training objectives, training strategies, inference objectives, capabilities, reproducibility of capabilities, input and output modalities, components, size, and architecture. ``(iii) Evaluation of benchmarks for multi- metric assessments, such as an assessment of an appropriate combination of robustness, resilience, security, safety, fairness, privacy, accuracy, validity, reliability, accountability, usability, transparency, efficiency, and calibration, and any characteristics identified by the voluntary risk management framework for trustworthy artificial intelligence systems, or successor framework, authorized under subsection (c). ``(iv) Metrics and methodologies for evaluations of artificial intelligence systems, such as establishing evaluation datasets. ``(v) Public reporting of artificial intelligence systems' capabilities, limitations, and possible areas of appropriate and inappropriate use. ``(vi) Disclosure of security practices, such as artificial intelligence red teaming and third-party assessments, that were used in the development of an artificial intelligence system. ``(vii) How to release to the public components of an artificial intelligence system or information about an artificial intelligence system, including aspects of the model, associated training data, and license agreements. ``(viii) Approaches and channels for collaboration and knowledge-sharing of best practices across industry, governments, civil society, and academia. ``(ix) Such other categories as the Director determines appropriate and consistent with this subsection. ``(C) For each practice and norm categorized and listed in accordance with subparagraph (B), provide recommendations and practices for utilizing such practice or norm. ``(2) Implementation.--In conducting the Director's duties under paragraph (1), the Director shall carry out the following: ``(A) Update the voluntary risk management framework for trustworthy artificial intelligence systems, or successor framework, authorized under subsection (c) as the Director determines appropriate. ``(B) Ensure that voluntary guidance developed in paragraph (1) is based on international standards and industry best practices to the extent possible and practical. ``(C) Not prescribe or otherwise require the use of specific information or communications technology products or services. ``(D) Collaborate with public, industry, and academic entities as the Director determines appropriate, including conducting periodic outreach to receive public input from public, industry, and academic stakeholders. ``(3) Report.--In conducting the Director's duties under paragraph (1), the Director shall, not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this subsection, brief the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate on the following: ``(A) New or updated materials, programs, or systems that were produced as a result of carrying out this subsection. ``(B) Policy recommendations of the Director that could facilitate and improve communication and coordination between the private sector and relevant Federal agencies regarding implementing the recommended practices identified in this subsection. ``(4) Artificial intelligence red teaming defined.--In this subsection, the term `artificial intelligence red teaming' means a structured testing of adversarial efforts to find flaws and vulnerabilities in an artificial intelligence system and identify risks, flaws, and vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence systems, such as harmful outputs from such system, unforeseen or undesirable system behaviors, limitations, and potential risks associated with the misuse of such system.''.

TITLE II--BUILD RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE AND SPUR GROUNDBREAKING RESEARCH

Subtitle A--National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource

SEC. 201. NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH RESOURCE.

(a) NAIRR Steering Subcommittee.--Section 5103 of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (15 U.S.C. 9413) is amended-- (1) by redesignating subsection (e) as subsection (f); and (2) by inserting after subsection (d) the following: ``(e) NAIRR Steering Subcommittee.-- ``(1) Definition.--In this subsection, the terms `NAIRR', `National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource', `Operating Entity', `Program Management Office', and `resources of the NAIRR' have the meanings given the terms in section 5601. ``(2) Establishment.--There is established within the Interagency Committee a Steering Subcommittee for the National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource (referred to in this section as the `NAIRR Steering Subcommittee'). ``(3) Chair and assistant chairs.--The NAIRR Steering Subcommittee shall be chaired by the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy may establish assistant chairs of the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee based on members of the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee rotating into the assistant chair positions on a predetermined schedule. ``(4) Membership.--The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall select members of the Interagency Committee to serve on the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee that the Director determines-- ``(A) have substantial expertise; ``(B) have substantially funded or conducted artificial intelligence research and development; or ``(C) have some other significant relationship with the NAIRR. ``(5) Changes to nairr steering subcommittee composition.-- Not less frequently than once a year, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall review the composition of the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee and update such composition, which may include adding or removing members from the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee, if necessary. ``(6) Subcommittees and working groups.--The NAIRR Steering Subcommittee may establish subcommittees, working groups, or other permanent or temporary bodies of certain members of the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee. ``(7) Duties.--The NAIRR Steering Subcommittee shall-- ``(A) coordinate with the National Science Foundation and the Program Management Office to-- ``(i) oversee and approve the operating plan for the NAIRR; ``(ii) review the budget for the NAIRR; ``(iii) develop and release a request for proposals to solicit bids for the Operating Entity, including establishing the terms and conditions and functions of the Operating Entity; and ``(iv) develop and release funding opportunities for resources of the NAIRR; ``(B) work with the Program Management Office to establish criteria for the Operating Entity, review candidates, and select an entity to act as the Operating Entity; ``(C) identify resources that could be federated, participate in resource provider selection and funding, and provide direction to the Operating Entity about resource allocation and how those resources should be made accessible via the NAIRR; ``(D) define key performance indicators for the NAIRR, in conjunction with the Program Management Office and any relevant Advisory Committees established under section 5602(c); ``(E) evaluate NAIRR performance against the key performance indicators defined under subparagraph (D) on a periodic basis and not less frequently than once every year; ``(F) develop an annual report, transmitted to the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and publicly released, on the progress of the National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource that includes-- ``(i) a summary of the results of the evaluation conducted under subparagraph (E); and ``(ii) any recommendations for changes to the NAIRR; and ``(G) oversee a periodic independent assessment of the NAIRR. ``(8) Provision of resources of the nairr.--Each agency comprising the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee is authorized to provide the Operating Entity with resources of the NAIRR or funding for resources of the NAIRR.''. (b) In General.--The National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9401 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

``TITLE LVI--NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH RESOURCE

``Sec. 5601. Definitions. ``Sec. 5602. Establishment; governance. ``Sec. 5603. Resources of the NAIRR. ``Sec. 5604. NAIRR processes and procedures. ``Sec. 5605. NAIRR funding.

``SEC. 5601. DEFINITIONS.

``In this title: ``(1) Advisory committee.--The term `Advisory Committee' means any Advisory Committee established under section 5602(c). ``(2) AI testbed.--The term `AI testbed' means a testbed described in section 22A(g) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278h-1(g)). ``(3) Executive agency.--The term `Executive agency' has the meaning given such term in section 105 of title 5, United States Code. ``(4) National artificial intelligence research resource; nairr.--The terms `National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource' and `NAIRR' have the meaning given the term `National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource' in section 5106(g). ``(5) Operating entity.--The term `Operating Entity' means the Operating Entity selected by the Program Management Office as described in section 5602(b)(3)(A). ``(6) Program management office.--The term `Program Management Office' means the Program Management Office established under section 5602(b). ``(7) Resource of the nairr.--The term `resource of the NAIRR' means a resource described in section 5603(b). ``(8) NAIRR steering subcommittee.--The term `NAIRR Steering Subcommittee' means the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee established under section 5103(e). ``(9) STEM.--The term `STEM' means science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, including computer science.

``SEC. 5602. ESTABLISHMENT; GOVERNANCE.

``(a) Establishment.--Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation, in coordination with the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee, shall establish the National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource to-- ``(1) spur innovation and advance the development of artificial intelligence to stimulate cutting-edge research and propel the strategic development of artificial intelligence capabilities; ``(2) improve access to artificial intelligence resources for researchers and students of artificial intelligence; ``(3) improve capacity for artificial intelligence research in the United States; and ``(4) support the testing, benchmarking, and evaluation of artificial intelligence systems developed and deployed in the United States. ``(b) Program Management Office.-- ``(1) Establishment.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall establish within the National Science Foundation a Program Management Office to oversee the day-to- day functions of the NAIRR and shall appoint an individual to head the Program Management Office. ``(2) Staff.-- ``(A) In general.--The head of the Program Management Office may identify staff and direct all employees of the Program Management Office, in accordance with the applicable provisions of title 5, United States Code. ``(B) Representation and requirements.--The staff of the Program Management Office-- ``(i) may include representation from other Federal agencies providing support for NAIRR resources; and ``(ii) shall include not fewer than three full-time employees. ``(3) Duties.--The duties of the Program Management Office shall include-- ``(A) in coordination with the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee and any relevant Advisory Committee as appropriate-- ``(i) developing the funding opportunity and soliciting bids for the Operating Entity, which will be responsible for operation of the National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource; ``(ii) selecting, through a competitive and transparent process, a nongovernmental organization, which may be an independent legal entity or a consortium of 1 or more partners (which may include federally funded research and development centers), to be designated the Operating Entity; ``(iii) overseeing compliance with the contractual obligations of the Operating Entity; ``(iv) establishing evaluation criteria for the NAIRR; ``(v) overseeing asset allocation and utilization; ``(vi) identifying an external independent evaluation entity; ``(vii) assessing the performance of the Operating Entity on not less than an annual basis and, if such performance is unsatisfactory, ending the agreement with such Operating Entity and selecting a new Operating Entity in accordance with clause (ii); ``(viii) developing multi-agency funding opportunities for the selection of NAIRR resources; and ``(ix) coordinating resource contributions from participating Federal agencies; and ``(B) delegating, with appropriate oversight, operational tasks to the Operating Entity, including-- ``(i) coordinating the provisioning of resources of the NAIRR; ``(ii) maintaining a portal and associated services for users to access resources of the NAIRR; ``(iii) developing policies and procedures for the NAIRR; ``(iv) hiring and managing a staff (including experts in cyber infrastructure management, data science, research design, privacy, ethics, and legal and policy matters) to support the operations of the NAIRR; ``(v) continually modernizing NAIRR infrastructure; ``(vi) recommending key performance indicators for the NAIRR, in coordination with the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee and any relevant Advisory Committee; ``(vii) publishing publicly available annual reports reviewing the performance of the NAIRR, the resources of the NAIRR, and the NAIRR governance structures; ``(viii) establishing and administering training to new users on accessing a resource of the NAIRR, research design, and issues related to privacy, ethics, safety, and trustworthiness of artificial intelligence systems; ``(ix) facilitating connections to AI testbeds; and ``(x) making educational resources of the NAIRR available to other Federal agencies, and to Congress, for the purpose of educating Federal Government officials and employees about artificial intelligence. ``(c) Advisory Committees.--The head of the Program Management Office, acting through the Director of the Operating Entity, shall establish Advisory Committees to provide advice to the Operating Entity and the Program Management Office. Any such Advisory Committees shall be comprised of members from government agencies, the private sector, academia, and public interest groups. Chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code, shall not apply to any such Advisory Committee.

``SEC. 5603. RESOURCES OF THE NAIRR.

``(a) In General.--The head of the Program Management Office, acting through the Director of the Operating Entity and in coordination with the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee and any relevant Advisory Committee, shall-- ``(1) coordinate and provision resources of the NAIRR; ``(2) establish processes to manage the procurement of new resources of the NAIRR, and intake of in-kind contribution of resources of the NAIRR, from Federal agencies or other entities; ``(3) establish policies on and review resources of the NAIRR for concerns related to ethics and privacy; ``(4) retire resources of the NAIRR no longer available or needed; and ``(5) publicly report a summary of categories of available resources of the NAIRR, categories of sources of such resources of the NAIRR, and issues related to resources of the NAIRR. ``(b) Resources of the NAIRR.--The NAIRR shall offer resources that include, at a minimum, all of the following, subject to the availability of appropriations: ``(1) A mix of computational resources, including-- ``(A) on-premises, cloud-based, hybrid, and emergent resources; ``(B) public cloud providers providing access to popular computational and storage services for NAIRR users; ``(C) an open source software environment for the NAIRR; ``(D) an application programming interface providing structured access to artificial intelligence models; and ``(E) other types of computational resources. ``(2) Data, including by-- ``(A)(i) in coordination with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and consistent with the guidance of the National Science and Technology Council titled `Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories for Federally Funded Data,' dated May 2022, or any successor document, publishing interoperability standards for data repositories based on the data sharing and documentation standards and guidelines produced under section 22A of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278h-1); and ``(ii) selecting and developing, through a competitive bidding process, data repositories to be available to NAIRR users; ``(B) establishing acceptable criteria for datasets used as resources of the NAIRR; ``(C) identifying and providing access to existing curated datasets of value and interest to the NAIRR user community; ``(D) establishing an artificial intelligence open data commons to facilitate community sharing and curation of data, code, and models; ``(E) coordinating with the Interagency Council on Statistical Policy to explore options to make Federal statistical data available to NAIRR users, including through the standard application process established under section 3583(a) of title 44, United States Code; and ``(F) other types of computational resources. ``(3) Educational tools and services, including by-- ``(A) facilitating and curating educational and training materials; ``(B) providing technical training and user support; and ``(C) providing targeted outreach and programming strategies to increase participation in STEM fields. ``(4) AI testbeds, including by-- ``(A) in coordination with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, facilitating access to artificial intelligence testbeds through which researchers can measure, benchmark, test, or evaluate engineering or algorithmic developments; and ``(B) developing a comprehensive catalog of open AI testbeds.

``SEC. 5604. NAIRR PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES.

``(a) User Eligibility.-- ``(1) Eligible users.--Subject to paragraph (3), the following users shall be eligible for access to the NAIRR: ``(A) A researcher, educator, or student based in the United States that is affiliated with an entity described in paragraph (2). ``(B) An employee of an entity described in clause (iii) or (iv) of paragraph (2)(B) with a demonstrable mission-need. ``(2) Entities described.--An entity described in this paragraph is an entity that satisfies the following: ``(A) Is based in the United States. ``(B) Is one of the following: ``(i) An institution of higher education. ``(ii) A nonprofit institution (as such term is defined in section 4 of the Stevenson- Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703)). ``(iii) An Executive agency. ``(iv) A federally funded research and development center. ``(v) A small business concern (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632), notwithstanding section 121.103 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations) that has received funding from an Executive agency, including through the Small Business Innovation Research Program or the Small Business Technology Transfer Program (as described in section 9 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 638)). ``(vi) A category of entity that the Director of the National Science Foundation and the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, after consultation with the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee and any relevant Advisory Committee, determine shall be eligible. ``(vii) A consortium composed of entities described in clauses (i) through (vi). ``(3) Excluded entities.-- ``(A) In general.--No individual is authorized to be an eligible user under paragraph (1) if the individual is employed by a foreign country that is listed in section 4872(f)(2) of title 10, United States Code, or is otherwise authorized by such country to act for or on its behalf. ``(B) Enforcement.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure that individuals authorized as eligible users meet the requirements of subparagraph (A). ``(b) Privacy, Ethics, Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, Safety, and Trustworthiness.-- ``(1) In general.-- ``(A) Requirements.--The head of the Program Management Office, acting through the Director of the Operating Entity and in consultation with any relevant Advisory Committee, shall establish requirements, a review process for applications, and a process for auditing resources of the NAIRR and research conducted using resources of the NAIRR on matters related to privacy, ethics, safety, security, and trustworthiness of artificial intelligence systems developed using resources of the NAIRR. ``(B) Federal statistical data.--Any auditing process required under subparagraph (A) for Federal statistical data included in a resource of the NAIRR shall be completed by the head of a designated statistical agency (as defined in section 3576(e) of title 44, United States Code), in coordination with the Chief Statistician of the United States, consistent with relevant law. ``(2) Consistency.--The head of the Program Management Office shall ensure the requirements and processes described in paragraph (1) are consistent with the policies of the Office of Management and Budget policy and relevant policies of other Executive agencies. The head of the Program Management Office shall coordinate with the Senior Agency Official for Privacy and the General Counsel of the National Science Foundation in ensuring compliance with applicable privacy law and policy and Federal laws and regulations. ``(3) Availability.--The head of the Program Management Office, acting through the Director of the Operating Entity, shall-- ``(A) when determining access to computational resources of the NAIRR, take into consideration the extent to which the access relates to privacy, ethics, safety, security, risk mitigation, and trustworthiness of artificial intelligence systems, or other topics that demonstrate that a project is in the public interest; ``(B) ensure that a significant percentage of the annual allotment of computational resources of the NAIRR is provided to projects the primary focus of which is related to any of the topics described in subparagraph (A); and ``(C) to the extent that demand for access to computational resources of the NAIRR exceeds availability, consider, on a priority basis, projects focusing on any of the topics described in subparagraph (A) when ranking applications for such access. ``(c) Scientific Integrity.-- ``(1) In general.--The head of the Program Management Office, acting through the Director of the Operating Entity and in consultation with any relevant Advisory Committee, shall develop guidance for-- ``(A) addressing concerns related to matters of scientific integrity, including matters related to the effects or impacts of research and potential research enabled by the NAIRR; and ``(B) mechanisms for an employee of the Operating Entity, an employee of the Program Management Office, a member of the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee or an Advisory Committee, a researcher or student affiliated with a NAIRR user described in subsection (a)(1), an employee of a provider of a resource of the NAIRR, an employee of a NAIRR funding agency, or a member of the public to report violations of the guidance developed under this paragraph, including by confidential and anonymous means. ``(2) Consistency with government policies on scientific integrity.--The guidance developed under paragraph (1)(A) shall be published in a publicly accessible location on the website of the NAIRR. Such policies shall, to the degree practicable, be consistent with-- ``(A) the Presidential memorandum entitled `Restoring Trust in Government Through Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Policymaking', dated January 27, 2021, or successor document; and ``(B) reports produced pursuant to such Presidential memorandum (including the reports entitled `Protecting the Integrity of Government Science', dated January 2022, and `A Framework for Federal Scientific Integrity Policy and Practice', dated January 2023, published by the National Science and Technology Council, or successor documents). ``(d) System Security and User Access Controls.--The head of the Program Management Office, acting through the Director of the Operating Entity and in consultation with the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency-- ``(1) shall establish minimum security requirements for all persons interacting with the NAIRR, consistent with the most recent version of the Cybersecurity Framework, or successor document, maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and ``(2) may establish tiers of security requirements and user access controls beyond the minimum requirements relative to security risks. ``(e) Fee Schedule.--The head of the Program Management Office, acting through the Director of the Operating Entity, may establish a fee schedule for access to the NAIRR. Fees charged under this subsection may be retained and used for the purposes of this title. The Operating Entity may only charge fees in such fee schedule. Such fee schedule-- ``(1) may differ by type of eligible user and type of affiliated entity described in subsection (a); ``(2) shall include a free tier of access based on appropriated funds and anticipated costs and demand; ``(3) may include cost-based charges for eligible users to purchase resources of the NAIRR beyond the resources included in a free or subsidized tier; and ``(4) shall ensure that the primary purpose of the NAIRR is to support research. ``(f) Research Security.--The head of the Program Management Office, acting through the Director of the Operating Entity and in consultation with the NAIRR Steering Subcommittee and the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, shall-- ``(1) ensure conformance with the requirements of National Security Presidential Memorandum-33 (relating to supported research and development national policy), issued January 2021, and its implementation guidance on research security and research integrity, or any successor policy document or guidance, by establishing NAIRR operating principles that emphasize the research integrity principles of openness, reciprocity, and transparency; and ``(2) designate a member of the leadership team for the Operating Entity as a research security point of contact with responsibility for overseeing conformance with the National Security Presidential Memorandum-33 and its implementation guidance, or any successor policy document or guidance.

``SEC. 5605. NAIRR FUNDING.

``To carry out this title, to the maximum extent practicable, the NAIRR is authorized to accept and use donations of cash, services, and personal property from the private sector.''. (c) Conforming Amendments.--The table of contents in section 2(b) of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Public Law 116-283; 134 Stat. 3388) is amended by inserting after the items relating to title LV the following:

``TITLE LVI--NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH RESOURCE

``Sec. 5601. Definitions. ``Sec. 5602. Establishment; governance. ``Sec. 5603. Resources of the NAIRR. ``Sec. 5604. NAIRR processes and procedures. ``Sec. 5605. NAIRR funding.''.

Subtitle B--National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource Pilot Program

SEC. 211. NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH RESOURCE PILOT PROGRAM.

(a) Partnerships.--As part of the National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource pilot program (in this section referred to as the ``Program''), the Director of the National Science Foundation (in this section referred to as the ``Director'') shall partner with leading technology companies to increase access to world-class private sector computing, models, data, and software resources in the research community. (b) Connection.--The Director shall ensure the Program is operationally capable of connecting researchers and educators in the United States to critical AI resources.

Subtitle C--Prize Competitions for Artificial Intelligence Research and Development

SEC. 221. PRIZE COMPETITIONS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.

(a) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Director.--Except as otherwise expressly provided, the term ``Director'' means the Director of the National Science Foundation. (2) Nonprofit organization.--The term ``nonprofit organization'' has the meaning given such term in section 201 of title 35, United States Code. (b) Establishment of Program.-- (1) In general.--Not l

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